I just gotta say I am loving this game. I am replaying the campaign for the achievments. I have a few more playthroughs on Hard and Brutal before my ego is satisfied and I delve fully into multiplayer.
As for the differences between the races, I have played a couple games against the AI and have noticed a few stark differences:
1. The amount of buildings needed to create all units (tech buildings,add-ons, command center, hatchery and nexus excluded):
Terran - 6 total building. Source: http://us.battle.net/sc2/en/game/race/terran/techtree
Protoss - 9 total buildings. Source: http://us.battle.net/sc2/en/game/race/protoss/techtree
Zerg - 9 total buildings. Source: http://us.battle.net/sc2/en/game/race/zerg/techtree
2. Zerg feels and plays different than SC1
First, they nerfed the Zerg mobility off the creep, which I surmise mainly due to the devs thinking players would make heavy use of the Nydus Worm. Second, the moving up of the hydralisk as a tier 2 (Lair required) unit makes very little sense ontop of the movement speed nerf the hydralisk received off creep in SC2. Third, the spellcasters for the Zerg are completely underwhelming to say the least. Finally, the Zerg AOE damage units are few and far between (Baneling is tier 1 and Ultralisk is tier 3).
3. Terrans get their bread and butter with 3 buildings
Marines, Marauders and Medics come at the cost of a 50 mineral/25 gas tech lab add-on to the Barracks. Zerg and Protoss need to drop double the amount for their bread and butter armies. Furthermore, the siege tank can come fairly early.
4. The Protoss Sentry can be gamebreaking
The Sentry's forcefield ability can effectively wall-in opposing players so that they cannot expand. If used on ramps, you can absolutely divide and conquer opposing armies.
5. Zerg is the only race who has to Tier up their hatchery to have access to all their possible units
Hatchery (Tier 1) costs 300 minerals, upgrade to Lair (Tier 2) is 150 minerals and 100 gas, and upgrade to Hive (Tier 3) is 200 minerals and 150 gas. Neither Protoss nor Terran have to factor in these sunk costs when playing. Quite unfair to the Zerg, but not unexpected.
I would add more, but I am still observing and learning. Or as they say at the SC2 forums "What do you know NOOB! You are not Diamond, therefore your opinion doesn't mean diddly squat!"