From - Seventh edition, Elements of Argument,
by Annette T. Rottenberg
Common fallacies
1. Hasty Generalization
Drawing conclusions on the basis of insufficient evidence. Many of our prejudices are a result of hasty generalization. A prejudice is literally a judgment made before all the facts are in.
2. Faulty Use of Authority
The attempt to bolster claims by citing the opinions of experts.
3. Post Hoc or Doubtful Cause
Latin - post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning “after this, therefore because of this”. The arguer infers that because one event follows another event, the first event must be the cause of the second.
4. False Analogy
Many analogies are merely descriptive and offer no proof of the connection between the two things being compared.
5. Ad Hominem
The Latin term ad hominem means “against the man” and refers to an attack on the person rather than on the argument or the issue.
6. False Dilemma
As the name tells us, the false dilemma, sometimes called the black-white fallacy, poses an either-or situation. The arguer suggest that only two alternatives exist, although there may be other explanations of or solutions to the problem under discussion.
7. Slippery Slope
If an arguer predicts that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually undesirable step, he or she must provide evidence that this will happen. Otherwise, the arguer is guilty of a slippery slope fallacy.
8. Begging the Question
If the writer makes a statement that assumes that the very question being argued has already been proved, the writer is guilty of begging the question.
9. Straw Man
The straw-man fallacy consists of an attack on a view similar to but not the same as the one your opponent holds. It is a familiar diversionary tactic.
10. Two wrongs make a Right
The two-wrongs-make-a-right fallacy is another example of the way in which attention may be diverted from the question at issue.
11. Non Sequitur
The Latin term non sequitur, which means “it does not follow,” is another fallacy of irrelevance. In a non sequitur, the conclusion can be either true or false, but the argument is a fallacy because the conclusion does not follow from the premise.
Kenzo summery from book - Ex. Rich people are more suited for president.
12. Ad Populum
Arguers guilty of the ad populum fallacy make an appeal to prejudices of the people. They assume that their claim can be adequately defended without further support if they emphasize a belief or attitude that the audience shares with them.
13. Appeal to Tradition
In making an appeal to tradition, the arguer assumes that what has existed for along time and has therefore become a tradition should continue to exist because it is a tradition.
14. Faulty Emotional Appeals
In some discussions of fallacies, appeals to the emotions of the audience are treated as illegitimate or “counterfeit proofs” All such appeals however, are not illegitimate.
