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Captain_Yuri said:

Total Board Power (TBP) vs. real power consumption and the inadequacy of software tools vs. real measurements

https://www.igorslab.de/en/graphics-cards-and-their-consumption-read-out-rather-than-measured-why-this-is-easy-with-nvidia-and-nearly-impossible-with-amd/

While 4090s are rated for 450 watts, in game they generally run at 388 watts which is below their rating. Idk why Nvidia felt the need to go to 450 watts at all tbh.

The reason why it's so much lower has nothing to do with efficiency or NVidia overstating the power consumption, it's just due to it being so powerful that the CPU limits the GPU in some of those games and thus the GPU ain't running at full speed in them.

If none of the games would have been CPU limited, the real power consumption would also be similar to it's TBP, just like with all the other cards.