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1. A lot. The estimated budget of MGS4 had already reached 70 million USD 4-5 months ago. Depending on their marketing and costs since that date the budget could plausably end up in the ballpark of GTA4's 100 million.

2. Likely through lowered royalty fee's and taking the burden of marketing costs. Very rarely do publishers pay cash for exclusives because that is more money out of their pockets then if they lower rotalty's which in turn lowers development costs for designers while also maintaining a certain profit margin for the investor. In turn no one actually loses capital which is why this is the general method such investments are funded by.

3. To a certain degree but once U.S reviews begin trickling out and word of mouth opinions spread it is likely this game will not reach the sales potential it was foreseen just a few weeks ago. A likely backlash will probably slow down its long term legs.