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Dogs and cats are both social animals and their physical and social traits largely determined their role after domestication ...

The social structure of cats is a series of hierarchical pair bonds. They have their best friend (usually their owner) who they're very affectionate with, some lesser friends which they associate with, and (beyond that) they're pretty independent. They were domesticated because they're, pound for pound, the best killing machine in the world. Birds, mice, snakes and countless other forms of pests can have their population controlled by a handful of domesticated cats.

Dogs have a pack social structure and are very obedient and loyal to their pack leader, and are very friendly and welcoming to anyone their pack leader lets into the group. They were domesticated to do a variety of roles where obedience was of primary concern.

Both animals can be a nightmare under the wrong conditions ... Depending on the breed of dog you get, and depending on how well you assert your dominance, a dog can be a dangerous out-of control monster; and a cat that isn't your friend is essentially a wild animal you've invited into your house that would probably kill you if you were (much) smaller.