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1. Which language is more widely used?
They are close. According to TIOBE Programming Community Index for August 2011
C++ is at N3 with 8.433% and C# is at N5 with 6.042%.
2. Which is easier to learn and use?
C# is easier to learn and use. C# is clean, powerful and modern language. Better then Java IMO. C++ is old, more difficult, not so clean and need more skills, but very powerful.
3. Which is better to learn for game development?
C++. C# and Java can be used, but C++ is the standard. Game development has two critical areas - memory and speed. C# and Java sacrifice both of them for other benefits as - easy to write and use.
4. Which is better to learn for software, programs and app development?
If memory and speed are not critical as in game development - C#. With C# you can write complex apps much faster and with less efforts.
5. What's the major difference between them, anyway?
Both C++ and C# are object-oriented programming languages. Their syntax is very similar. C++ is regarded as a mid-level language. C# aims to combine the high productivity of high-level programming languages and the raw power of C++. C# is designed to free the developers from the task of doing memory management.

I have 10 years of C++, Java, C# and PHP programing experience. For different tasks a different language is better, but if you know C++ it is very easy to switch to Java, C# or PHP.