Any good work of fiction involves a lot of study and research in order to take pieces of the real world and include them in the created world. In speculative fiction (science fiction in particular) quite often will be based on a news-story or event which has a moral or ethical dilemma and present a world where that dilemma was taken to the extreme. Bioshock was fairly well written by general standards (and excellently written for a game) and I’m certain that there was a ton of research on a variety of topics while they were working on the story/world.