Scientific question(s)

[thanny]

3) Why is the water atom polar?
oxygen has a higher electronegativity then hydrogen. Since the the oxygens are not on opposite sides of the hydrogen, the side with the two oxygens has higher electronegativity, while the side without the oxygens has lower electronegativity. This creates a dipole, hence water is polar

4) What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
Ionic bonding is when one element gives its electron to another element. The loss and gain of an electron by either element causes one element to become postively charged and the other negatively. Thus they stick together. For example, sodium needs to give away one electron to have a full outer shell (which is ideal) and Chorine needs to gain one electron to have a full outer shell, so the Sodium gives its electron to chlorine
Covalent bonding is when both elements need to gain electrons (as opposed to losing them) to achieve a ful outer shell. To achieve this, the elements 'share' electrons. For example Oxygen, which needs 2 electrons to fill its outer shell, shares two electrons with another Oxygen atom, so both essentially have a full other shell.